Application Analysis of Single Chip Microcomputer

What should be paid attention while designing a single chip microcomputer control board ？The most basic process of designing a circuit board can be divided into three major steps: the design of the circuit schematic diagram, the generation of the netlist, and the design of the printed circuit board. Whether it is the device layout or wiring on the board, there are specific requirements.Together discuss with qihe smt equipment editor today.
The most basic process of designing a circuit board can be divided into three major steps: the design of the circuit schematic diagram, the generation of the netlist, and the design of the printed circuit board. Whether it is the device layout or wiring on the board, there are specific requirements.

For example, parallel input and output lines should be avoided as much as possible to avoid interference. The parallel routing of two signal lines should be separated by ground wires, and the wiring of two adjacent layers should be perpendicular to each other as much as possible. Parasitic coupling is easy to occur in parallel. The power and ground wires should be divided into two layers perpendicular to each other as much as possible. In terms of line width, a wide ground wire can be used to make a loop for digital circuit PCBs, that is, to form a ground network (analog circuits cannot be used in this way), and a large area of copper is laid.

The following article explains the principles and some details that need to be paid attention to in the design of the microcontroller control board.

Component layout

In terms of component layout, the components related to each other should be placed as close as possible. For example, clock generators, crystal oscillators, and clock input terminals of the CPU are prone to noise, and they should be placed closer. For those devices that are prone to noise, small current circuits, high current circuit switching circuits, etc., try to keep them away from the logic control circuit and storage circuit (ROM, RAM) of the microcontroller. If possible, these circuits can be made into circuits board, which is conducive to anti-interference and improves the reliability of circuit work.

Decoupling capacitor

Try to install decoupling capacitors next to key components, such as ROM, RAM and other chips. In fact, printed circuit board traces, pin connections, and wiring may all contain large inductance effects. Large inductance can cause severe switching noise spikes on the Vcc trace. The only way to prevent switching noise spikes on the Vcc trace is to place a 0.1uF electronic decoupling capacitor between VCC and power ground. If surface mount components are used on the circuit board, chip capacitors can be used directly against the components and fixed on the Vcc pin. It is best to use ceramic capacitors because they have low electrostatic loss (ESL) and high-frequency impedance, and the dielectric stability of this capacitor over temperature and time is also very good. Try not to use tantalum capacitors because of their high impedance at high frequencies.

Ground design

In the single-chip microcomputer control system, there are many types of ground wires, including system ground, shielding ground, logic ground, analog ground, etc. Whether the ground wire layout is reasonable will determine the anti-interference ability of the circuit board. When designing ground wires and grounding points, the following issues should be considered:

·Logic ground and analog ground should be wired separately and cannot be used together. Connect their respective ground wires to the corresponding power ground wires. When designing, the analog ground wire should be as thick as possible, and the grounding area of the lead-out terminal should be increased as much as possible. Generally speaking, for the input and output analog signals, it is best to isolate them from the microcontroller circuit through optocouplers.

·When designing the printed circuit board of the logic circuit, its ground wire should form a closed-loop form to improve the anti-interference ability of the circuit.

·The ground wire should be as thick as possible. If the ground wire is very thin, the resistance of the ground wire will be large, causing the ground potential to change with the change of the current, causing the signal level to be unstable, and resulting in a decrease in the anti-interference ability of the circuit. If the wiring space allows, ensure that the width of the main ground wire is at least 2~3mm, and the ground wire on the component pin should be about 1.5mm.

· Pay attention to the selection of the grounding point. When the signal frequency on the circuit board is lower than 1MHz, since the electromagnetic induction between the wiring and the components has little influence, and the circulating current formed by the grounding circuit has a greater influence on the interference, it is necessary to use a little grounding so that it does not form a loop. When the signal frequency on the circuit board is higher than 10MHz, due to the obvious inductance effect of the wiring, the impedance of the ground wire becomes very large. At this time, the circulating current formed by the ground circuit is no longer the main problem. Therefore, multi-point grounding should be adopted to minimize the ground impedance.

Power line layout

In addition to the layout of the power line, the width of the line should be as thick as possible according to the magnitude of the current. When wiring, the line direction of the power line and the ground line should be consistent with the line shape of the data line. At the end of the wiring work, use the ground These methods help to enhance the anti-interference ability of the circuit.

·The width of the data line should be as wide as possible to reduce the impedance. The width of the data line is at least not less than 0.3mm (12mil), and it is more ideal to use 0.46~0.5mm (18mil~20mil).

·Because a via hole on the circuit board will bring a capacitive effect of about 10pF, which will introduce too much interference for high-frequency circuits, so the number of via holes should be reduced as much as possible when wiring. Furthermore, too many via holes will also reduce the mechanical strength of the circuit board.

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